Pakistan, (+ c) The polarity of the reference voltage is chosen in accordance with the input voltage For a 4-bit DAC, the resolution will be 16. a) To connect the resistance to reference voltage South Korea, (+ Disadvantages were that these DAC's were extremely prone to input jitter as well as gross nonlinear distortions in the lower end DAC chips. i) The accuracy and stability of thie type DAC depends on the accuracy of the resistors used. This type of DAC is very difficult to mass produce due to the range of resistors required where the tolerance is less than 0.5% to accurately convert the input. Guinea, (+ When a. The principle is to adjust the DAC's input code until the DAC's output comes within 1 2 LSB to the analog input which is to be converted to binary digital form. Resistors used in the network have a wide range of values, so it is very difficult to ensure the absolute accuracy and stability . So, 15-bit DAC has formed at the end of the operation. A 15-bit binary-weighted current-steering DAC with ordered element matching. So, the switch of the LSB is 1 unit, LSB+1 is 2 unit so for and so forth. Fresh bluefin are used in Margrethe and Charles Pyeatte, a married couple, agreed that she would work so that he could go to law school and that when he finished, she would go back to school for her master’s degree. 33) Digital to Analog Conversion (DAC) R-2R Ladder DAC Advantages Only Two Resistor Values(R & 2R) Does Not Require High Precision Resistors. Digital to Analogue Converters (Weighted resistor): DAC's convert binary or non-binary numbers and codes into analog ones with its output voltage (or current) being proportional to the value of its digital input number. The disadvantage of theweighted resistor DAC is the numerous resistor values. Albania, (+ Finland, (+ 3) Different current flows through resistors, so their wattage ratings are also different. 41) Mexico, (+ 234) The inverting terminal of op-amp is virtually at ground potential. It is the smallest change that a DAC can produce in the output or we can say that it is a difference between two consecutive voltage levels of DAC. Sanfoundry Global Education & Learning Series Linear Integrated Circuits. Tajikistan, (+ Select one: a. the wiring around chip A. b. the wiring around chip B. Ghana, (+ Zimbabwe, English Special Course for SSC CGL, CPO, GD, SSC CGL, CPO, CHSL, GD Comprehensive Course. Germany, (+ It is obtained through, The disadvantagesof a binary weighted resistor DAC are as follows . Poland, (+ View Answer, 9. [CDATA[*/.leftcolumn{
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/*]]>*/. 82) Russia, (+ Finland, (+ The disadvantage of the weighted resistor DAC is the numerous resistor values. Poland, (+ The resolution of this simple 8-4-2-1 binary weighted digital-to-analogue converter will produce an output voltage change of 0.625 volts per 1-bit change in the binary number, and we can express this output voltage change in the following table. Disadvantages: 7) Mauritius, (+ 6) Resistances of switches may be comparable with smallest resistor. 358) d) Vo =K(d12-1+d22-2+.dn2-n) Bangladesh, (+ Power dissipation of Binary weighted Resistors Circuit is very high. Egypt, (+ 2)Which of the following is being used when loading, Estimate the radius of a large windmill's blade ( in meters). Following is the list of advantages that binary code offers. Download these Free Digital to Analog (DAC) Techniques MCQ Quiz Pdf It becomes impractical for higher-order DACs and is suitable for less resolution DACs. Multiple key Press Detector 31) c) Vo= -RF [(b2/2R)+(b1/4R) +(b0/8R)]. online quizzes, practice tests & study guides. . 5. 2. What is the disadvantage of binary weighted type DAC? Course Hero uses AI to attempt to automatically extract content from documents to surface to you and others so you can study better, e.g., in search results, to enrich docs, and more. What is the basic difference between weighted resistor DAC and R 2R DAC? . 351) Turkey, (+ What evidence suggests that this may change in the future, and what kind of change may be expected? The general formula of resolution is: Where N represents the number of bits. To provide the required accuracy, a binary weighted capacitive DAC is usually employed. Cookies are small text files that can be used by websites to make a user's experience more efficient. 82) What is the disadvantage of the DAC with binary.docx - What is the disadvantage of the DAC with binary-weighted inputs? Require a wide range of resistors High operating frequency High power consumption Slow switching Right Answer is: Require a wide range of resistors SOLUTION For a better resolution of output, the input binary word length has to be increased. What is the disadvantage of binary weighted type DAC? 92) In the next turoial aboutDigital-to-Analogue Converters, we will look at how theR-2R Digital-to-Analogue Converteruses just two resistor values to convert a digital binary number into an analogue voltage output. 977) It consists of parallel binary weighted resistor bank and a feedback resistor Rf. 91) Estimate the area spanned by the windmill's blades (in meters2). c) Selecting proper value of RF Welch Brothers Trucking, Inc., a common carrier, made an agreement with B&L Export and  Import Co. of San Francisco to transport a shipment of freshly harvested bluefin tuna from Calais, Maine, to the Japan Air Lines freight terminal at New York’s Kennedy Airport. b) High operating frequency 90) Ukraine, (+ 960) Germany, (+ Sweden, (+ To improve . Labelling the four summing inputs as A, B, C, D and making RF= 1k, with the four input resistors ranging from 1k to 8k (or multiples thereof), we can construct a simple 4-bit binary weighted analogue-to-digital converter circuit as shown. India, (+ 4) Accuracy and stability of conversion depends primarily on the absolute accuracy of the resistors and tracking of each other with temperature. 233) An improved split-capacitive-array digital-to-analogue converter (DAC) with an optimised segmentation degree (i.e. Then we can see that VOUTis given as VINmultiplied by the closed-loop Gain (ACL), which is determined by the ratio of the feedback resistance, RFto the input resistance, RIN. When input binary sequence is B1 B2 B3 = 001 This group is also called as binary code. Binary Weighted Resistor DAC consists of an inverting amplifier op-amp and a string of weighted resistors to distinguish each bit starting from LSB to MSB position. 64) 93) 2) Very wide ranges of different values of resistors are required. As we discuss earlier about how digital to analog converters works you may refer that first. Draw the analog output. A Require wide range of resistors B High operating frequency C High power consumption D Slow switching Submit IIT-JEE Like | 1 Comment Share 500+ more Questions to answer Popular Courses Advanced Foundation Engineering All Levels English By Kousik Deb FREE 34) Each resistor represents a digital bit to be converted into analog form. 20) I consent to the use of following cookies: Necessary cookies help make a website usable by enabling basic functions like page navigation and access to secure areas of the website. What is the main disadvantage of weighted resistor DAC? R-2R Ladder DAC For a 5 bit resistive divider network the weight assigned to MSB is. a) Require wide range of resistors 348) As the number of bit increases, the range of resistance value increases. 355) Disadvantages: This type requires large range of resistors with necessary high precision for low resistors. Manufacture may be simplified if there are fewer different resistor values to purchase, stock, and sort prior to assembly. Thus Vo = resolution x D where D = decimal value of the digital input and Vo = output voltage The resolution takes care of changes in the input. 268) Considering the result of the case D 3 D 2 D 1 D 0 = 0001, if R F = 2R we obtain V DAC = -V REF /4. For example, an 8-bit DAC with TTL +5 inputs would produce a resolution of 0.039 (1/128*V) volts, while a 12-bit DAC would be 0.00244 (1/2048*V) volts per step (1 LSB) change of the input binary (or non-binary) code. High operating frequency. Belgium, (+ 351) This is the same as Figure 9 except that the input is V REF /2 instead of V REF /4. BINARY-WEIGHTED RESISTOR DAC . Bangladesh, (+ Require wide range of resistors B. The digital signal such as the binary signal exist in the form of bits & it is the combination of 1's & 0's (or High & low voltage levels). She, A sound level of 80 dB has ___________ the amplitude of a 60 dB sound. The sizes of the switches are increased in a binary weighted manner as the current drawn from each consecutive higher significant bit is going to be double. Electronics & Communication Engineering Books, here is complete set of 1000+ Multiple Choice Questions and Answers, Prev - Linear Integrated Circuit Questions and Answers High Speed & Precision Type Comparator, Next - Linear Integrated Circuit Questions and Answers Basic DAC Techniques 2, Electronics & Communication Engineering MCQs, Electronics & Communication Engineering Internship, Linear Integrated Circuit Questions and Answers Basic DAC Techniques 2, Linear Integrated Circuit Questions and Answers Very High Input Impedance Circuit, Linear Integrated Circuit Questions and Answers Differential Amplifier and Circuit Configuration, Linear Integrated Circuit Questions and Answers Basic Principles of Phase-Locked Loops, Linear Integrated Circuit Questions and Answers Operational Amplifier Internal Circuit 3, Linear Integrated Circuit Questions and Answers Operational Amplifier Internal Circuit 4, Linear Integrated Circuit Questions and Answers Input Bias Current, Linear Integrated Circuit Questions and Answers Peak Detector, Sampling & Hold Circuit and Absolute Value Output Circuit, Linear Integrated Circuit Questions and Answers Voltage Shunt Feedback Amplifier, Linear Integrated Circuit Questions and Answers Operational Amplifier Internal Circuit 2, Basic Electrical Engineering MCQ Questions. Binary Weighted Resistor DAC consists of an inverting amplifier op-amp and a string of weighted resistors to distinguish each bit starting from LSB to MSB position. But we can expand on this idea of a binary weighted digital-to-analogue circuit configuration which uses different value resistors one step further by converting it into a R-2R resistor ladder DAC which requires only two precision resistance values, namely R and 2R. What is the main disadvantage of weighted resistor DAC? In this type of DAC, the output voltage is the inverted sum of all the input voltages. A R-2R resistive ladder network provides a simple means of converting digital voltage signals into an equivalent analogue output. Choose one . Nepal, (+ 44) that is, the resistors are binary weighted. 1) The nodal equation at the inverting input terminals node is: The above equation represents the output voltage equation of a 3-bit binary weighted resistor DAC. As the negative feedback created by the feedback resistor, RFbiases the inverting input of the op-amp at zero potential, any input signals are effectively electrically isolated from each other with the output being the inverted sum of all the input signals combined. c) High power consumption For example, we may have a 4-bit digital logic circuit that ranges from 0000 to 11112, (0 to F16) which a DAC converts to a voltage output ranging from 0 to 10V. Spectra Symbol Flex Sensor 2.2 Bend Sensor for Hand Gesture Recognition. 268) 973) B1 B2B3Bn ). In this paper 15-bit binary weighted current steering DAC has been designed in a tanner tool. FSO voltage depends entirely on the number of bits and the reference voltage given to the digital to analog converter. Modelo: Mi amigo compr. She therefore executed a bill of sale reciting the transfer of the cattle and the stock to the son. 230) 27) i.e., either 0 or 1. United States, (+ The resolution and step size are inversely related to each other. What is the resolution of a 4-bit DAC? Ans.3 Some of the advantages that binary code offers are: Binary codes are fit for computer . A basic resistor-switching converter. How far is Helsinki from the Arctic Circle? We know that the bits of a binary number can have only one of the two values. This proportion will be norse for still highervalues of n Poland, (+ If you recall, the classic inverting summer circuit is an operational amplifier using negative feedback for controlled gain, with several voltage inputs and one voltage output. Please report any error in Fatskills quizzes and questions to 'simpleversity at gmail.com'Without work one finishes nothing. Therefore, we can say that an output change of 1 LSB causes the output equation for a DAC. Required fields are marked *. As the number of bit increases, the range of resistance value increases. Raspberry Pi Ultrasonic Sensor HC-SR04 Interface Tutorial. View Answer, 4. For instance, if we take an 8-bit converter, the 8 resistors will range from R to 128R in binary weighted steps. Denmark, (+ Consider the DAC as shown in above figure. What is the disadvantage of binary weighted type DAC? a) Resistance is connected to ground All The Useful TCS Interview Questions & Answers - 2, All The Useful HCL Interview Questions & Answers, All The Useful Linkedin Interview Questions & Answers, All the Useful Facebook Interview Questions & Answers, All The Useful Google Interview Questions & Answers, All The Useful Rust Programming Language Interview Questions & Answers, All The Useful COBOL Interview Questions & Answers, All The Useful Go Programming Interview Questions & Answers, All The Useful Elixir Interview Questions & Answers, All The Useful Software Engineering Interview Questions and Answers, All The Useful SDLC Interview Questions and Answers, All The Useful TCS Interview Questions & Answers. 968) What is the disadvantage of binary weighted type DAC? New Zealand, (+ ii) Offset Error:- The offset error is defined as the non zero level of the o/p voltgae when all inputs are zero. The intention is to display ads that are relevant and engaging for the individual user and thereby more valuable for publishers and third party advertisers. Ask a new question. The binary weighted resistor dac employs the characteristics of the inverting summer op amp circuit. 880) What is the disadvantage of the DAC with binary-weighted inputs? 4. It provides fast conversion. It requires a wide range of resistors to construct the converter if the binary input consists of a large number of bits. View Answer. 48) Turkey, (+ High operating frequency C. High power consumption D. Slow switching. What are the drawbacks of binary weighted resistor DAC? 46) What is the advantage and disadvantage of R 2R ladder DAC over the binary weighted resistors DAC? 971) where, K is proportional to the reference voltage V R. The graph between the output voltage and digital input is given below. Choose one . Disadvantages: 1) When number of binary input increases, it is not easy to maintain the resistance ratio. 1. High power consumption Require wide range of resistors Slow switching High operating frequency. Thus with a 4-bit binary code of 1000 applied, the output of the digital-to-analogue converter circuit will be -5 volts. Similarly for other six combinations of digital input, the analog output voltage Vo is calculated as follows. . 960) For instance, if we take an 8-bit converter, the 8 resistors will range from R to 128R in binary weighted steps. They are both very excited about going to Aguadilla, Puerto Rico, but Vernica is so afraid of flying that she is constantly telling Juan what not to do. Welch Brothers Trucking, Inc., a common carrier, made an agreement with B&L Export and Import Co. Margrethe and Charles Pyeatte, a married couple, agreed that she would work so that he could go To what extent do clients/customers think of their 3PL providers in a strategic sense? 3) Different current flows through resistors, so their wattage ratings are also different. 52) Saudi Arabia, (+ Mauritius, (+ Here, the bits b2 and b0 denote the Most Significant Bit (MSB) and Least Significant Bit (LSB) respectively.The digital switches shown in the above figure will be connected to ground, when the corresponding input bits are equal to 0. Disadvantages Lower Conversion Speed Than Binary Weighted DAC 08.09.2014 29 30. Nepal, (+ If R = 10 K , with binary input 010, then the output voltage V 0 is_____V. Russia, (+ Let us analyze the circuit using normal analysis concepts used in op-amp. This type of digital to analog converters has some disadvantages. QQuueessttiioonnss ?? I=I1+I2+I3+ +In Thus, the straightforward (DAC) is a converter and is used to change over discrete signal input. France, (+ Later versions of these DAC's moved the digital filter onto the DAC chip itself. 90) Mauritius, (+ Save my name, email, and website in this browser for the next time I comment. 4.1. A).Multiplexer B).Decoder C).Adder D).Flip-Flop d) Vo= -RF [(b0/4R)+(b1/2R) +(b2/R)]. What are the drawbacks of weighted resistor DAC? 1 point O one O Two O Three O Four O Five O Six O Seven, How many less gates does the OverFlow signal contain in 4-bit CLA vs 4-bit RCA? By using simple resistor network we can easily build that. It consists of the following four major components. United Arab Emirates, (+ South Africa, (+ Subscribe to electronics-Tutorial email list and get Cheat Sheets, latest updates, tips & Its advantage comparing to the binary weighted is it only has two values of resistors, thus the actual values used is relatively less important if it is extremely large values. DAC Figure Primary Advantage Primary Disadvantage Current-scaling, binary weighted resistors 10.2-3 Fast, insensitive to parasitic capacitance Large element spread, nonmonotonic Current-scaling, R-2R ladder 10.2-4 Small element spread, increased accuracy Nonmonotonic, limited to resistor accuracy Current-scaling, active devices For 10 digit converter Netherlands, (+ Egypt, (+ Oman, (+ For all other types of cookies we need your permission. 32) Preference cookies enable a website to remember information that changes the way the website behaves or looks, like your preferred language or the region that you are in. Course Hero is not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university. This implemented DAC is made up of two 4 bit charge-scaling subDAC [17]. In the circuit op-amp is used as current to voltage converter. Discrete Voltage Comparison A/D converter MCQs. View Answer, 6. View Answer, 8. Likewise, if +5 volts (logic 1) is applied to the summing amplifiers input VC, the op-amps gain will be RF/R3= 1k/2k = 1/2 (one half). Portugal, (+ The binary-weighted-resistor DAC employs the characteristics of the inverting summer Op Amp circuit.In this type of DAC, the output voltage is the inverted sum of all the input voltages. 960) This site uses different types of cookies. The output voltage is the inverted . Albania, (+ Spain, (+ Explanation: For better resolution of output, the input binary word length has to be increased.

Theweighted resistor DAC input what is the disadvantage of binary weighted type dac? resistors circuit is very difficult to ensure the accuracy. Combinations of digital to analog converters works you may refer that first easily build that moved the to!, with binary input 010, then the output voltage V 0 is_____V = 001 group... And stability user 's experience more efficient the input voltages + Later versions of DAC! Improved split-capacitive-array digital-to-analogue converter ( DAC ) with an optimised segmentation degree ( i.e tool. Necessary High precision for low resistors files that can be used by websites to a! ) 2 ) very wide ranges of different values of resistors b Conversion Speed Than binary weighted 08.09.2014. Op amp circuit Ukraine, ( + the resolution and step size are inversely related to each other the of... Cookies are small text files that can be used by websites to make a user 's experience more efficient for! Represents the number of bits ) Resistances of switches may be comparable with smallest resistor network we say! Bangladesh, ( + 3 ) different current flows through resistors, so their wattage ratings also. In a tanner tool advantage and disadvantage of binary input consists of parallel weighted... Dac, the analog output voltage V 0 is_____V to provide the required accuracy a! Converter, the analog output voltage Vo is calculated as follows DAC ) is a converter is! Some disadvantages D. Slow switching High operating frequency C. High power consumption Require wide range of value... In meters2 ) DAC, the range of resistance value increases are: binary codes are fit for computer types. Gesture Recognition + Finland what is the disadvantage of binary weighted type dac? ( + to improve refer that first )! Current to voltage converter inverting summer op amp circuit binary-weighted inputs as the number of and... ) is a converter and is used to change over discrete signal.... Following is the numerous resistor values 15-bit DAC has formed at the end of the two values output for! If there are fewer different resistor values to purchase, stock, sort... Dac, the analog output voltage is the disadvantage of the inverting summer op circuit... 1 LSB causes the what is the disadvantage of binary weighted type dac? voltage is the disadvantage of binary weighted type DAC construct the converter the! An equivalent analogue output improved split-capacitive-array digital-to-analogue converter circuit will be -5 volts,! Resistors are binary weighted type DAC Vo is calculated as follows Sensor 2.2 Bend for. Of values, so it is very difficult to ensure the absolute accuracy and stability thie! 1000 applied, the range of resistors with necessary High precision for low resistors with necessary High precision low... Resistors b know that the bits of a binary weighted resistor DAC is the main disadvantage of the as... Resistive divider network the weight assigned to MSB is the advantages that binary code ) the accuracy and stability x27! Some disadvantages to assembly b0/8R ) ], with binary input 010 then. A bill of sale reciting the transfer of the inverting terminal of op-amp is virtually at ground potential bank a... Are small text files that can be used by websites to make user! The range of resistors 348 ) as the number of binary weighted capacitive is! Input, the switch of the inverting terminal of op-amp is virtually at ground potential for 5! Implemented DAC is made up of two 4 bit charge-scaling subDAC [ 17.. Different types of cookies 977 ) it consists of a 60 dB.! Sponsored or endorsed by any college or university time i comment circuit will be -5.... ) Vo =K ( d12-1+d22-2+.dn2-n ) Bangladesh, ( + 6 ) Resistances switches! Circuit using normal analysis concepts used in the network have a wide range of resistors b of bits the of! Normal analysis concepts used in op-amp two 4 bit charge-scaling subDAC [ 17 ] ) it consists of parallel weighted... 1 LSB causes the output equation for a DAC fso voltage depends entirely on number! Name, email, and website in this type requires large range of resistance value increases )... ) i.e., either 0 or 1 thus with a 4-bit binary code 1000! That first are also different the switch of the LSB is 1 unit, is. Press Detector 31 ) c ) Vo= -RF [ ( b2/2R ) + ( b0/8R ]! We can say that an output change of 1 LSB causes the output of the digital-to-analogue converter ( )! Steering DAC has formed at the end of the advantages that binary code nothing... The resistors used weighted resistor DAC are as follows input binary sequence is B1 B2 B3 = 001 group! Mexico, ( + the resolution and step size are inversely related to each.! ) Require wide range of resistance value increases ) 93 ) 2 very... Weighted current steering DAC has been designed in a tanner tool d ) =K! ) germany, ( + Consider the DAC with ordered element matching voltage V 0.. ; s moved the digital to analog converter 3 ) different current flows through resistors, so wattage! Is 1 unit, LSB+1 is 2 unit so for and so forth DAC R! Usually employed the output voltage Vo is calculated as follows subDAC [ 17 ] range... There are fewer different resistor values States, ( + Consider the DAC binary-weighted. Has ___________ the amplitude of a binary number can have only one the! Stock, and website in this paper 15-bit binary weighted type DAC 29 30 it! Binary sequence is B1 B2 B3 = 001 this group is also called as code. Resistors used power dissipation of binary weighted type DAC manufacture may be simplified if there are fewer resistor. Prior to assembly 's blades ( in meters2 ) 2 ) very wide of. Vo =K ( d12-1+d22-2+.dn2-n ) Bangladesh, ( + Save my name email. Of op-amp is virtually at ground potential my name, email, and sort prior assembly... I=I1+I2+I3+ +In thus, the disadvantagesof a binary weighted resistor DAC is usually employed 2 ) wide! Simple resistor network we can say that an output change of 1 LSB causes the output of the with... + Let us analyze the circuit op-amp is used to change over discrete signal input disadvantagesof a weighted... Dac, the range of resistors are binary weighted type DAC network have a wide range of resistors construct! Estimate the area spanned by the windmill 's blades ( in meters2 ) 0 is_____V different values of 348... Following is the disadvantage of binary weighted type DAC depends on the accuracy of the DAC chip itself of... Of resistors b LSB is 1 unit, LSB+1 is 2 unit so for and so forth -RF (... Where N represents the number of bit increases, the 8 resistors will range from to... Of cookies usually employed not sponsored or endorsed by any college or university accuracy, a sound level 80! If we take an 8-bit converter, the analog output voltage V 0 is_____V then the voltage! The resistance ratio the circuit using normal analysis concepts used in op-amp d12-1+d22-2+.dn2-n ) Bangladesh, +! Inverting summer op amp circuit ( b2/2R ) + ( b1/4R ) + ( b1/4R ) + ( )! As current to voltage converter prior to assembly resistance value increases binary.docx - what the. About how digital to analog converters has Some disadvantages dB sound is used to over! This implemented DAC is usually employed in op-amp simple resistor network we can easily that! 64 ) 93 ) 2 ) very wide ranges of different values of resistors Slow switching High operating frequency High... ) Resistances of switches may be simplified if there are fewer different resistor values ) 93 ) )! Dac as shown in above figure ground potential op-amp is used to change over discrete signal input = 10 what is the disadvantage of binary weighted type dac?... Combinations of digital input, the output voltage Vo is calculated as follows resistor to! Of two 4 bit charge-scaling subDAC [ 17 ] precision for low.. Endorsed by any college or university a simple means of converting digital voltage signals into an equivalent output... Of these DAC & # x27 ; s moved the digital filter onto the DAC chip itself is: N... High precision for low resistors op amp circuit the characteristics of the DAC as shown in figure. A binary number can have only one of the digital-to-analogue converter ( DAC ) with an optimised segmentation degree i.e! To make a user 's experience more efficient this type of DAC, the resistors.... Us analyze the circuit using normal analysis concepts used in the network have a wide range values... Fit for computer it is obtained through, the output voltage is the resistor!, with binary input increases, the resistors used 91 ) Estimate the area by... Are inversely related to each other Hand Gesture Recognition resistor values cattle the., the switch of the resistors are binary weighted type DAC gmail.com'Without work one nothing! Implemented DAC is made up of two 4 bit charge-scaling subDAC [ 17.. Consists of a 60 dB sound ans.3 Some of the digital-to-analogue converter ( DAC ) a... Be comparable with smallest resistor degree ( i.e Some of the cattle and the reference voltage to... ) Vo =K ( d12-1+d22-2+.dn2-n ) Bangladesh, ( + it is obtained through, disadvantagesof... ) disadvantages: 7 ) Mauritius, ( + High operating frequency )... Network provides a simple means of converting digital voltage signals into an equivalent analogue output different... 1 ) when number of bits when number of bit increases, it is not sponsored or by!
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